Arduino_Internals.pdf

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Contents at a Glance

About the Author ...................................................................................................... xv

About the Technical Reviewers ............................................................................... xvi

Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. xvii

Preface .................................................................................................................. xviii

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Chapter 1: Hardware ...............................................................................................1

■ Chapter 2: Software...............................................................................................25

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Chapter 3: Atmel AVR ............................................................................................39

■ Chapter 4: Supporting Hardware ...........................................................................71

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Chapter 5: Arduino Software .................................................................................89

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Chapter 6: Optimizations .......................................................................................99

■ Chapter 7: Hardware Plus Software ....................................................................133

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Chapter 8: Example Projects ...............................................................................165

■ Chapter 9: Project Management ..........................................................................213

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Chapter 10: Hardware Design..............................................................................231

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Chapter 11: Software Design ...............................................................................255

■ Chapter 12: Networking.......................................................................................281

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Chapter 13: More Example Projects ....................................................................305

Index ....................................................................................................................... 359

C H A P T E R 1

Hardware

The hardware of the Arduino has evolved slowly since its introduction in 2005. Because Arduino as a

concept is very much a combination of hardware and software, it’s important to have a good

understanding of what’s involved in both areas, as well as the areas where they overlap. Let’s undertake

a broad outline of the hardware part of the Arduino in this chapter, going into some detail in a few areas,

as well as its history and how you’ll play a part in its future.

What Is an Arduino?

Because of Arduino’s history and evolution, there are many variations on what can be called an Arduino.

The list grows longer every day. The official offering from the Arduino Team consists of the Arduino Uno

and the larger Arduino Mega 2560.

When most people think of Arduino, they imagine the small, rectangular (and probably blue)

printed circuit board (PCB). This is properly called the I/O Board . See Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1. The Arduino I/O Board. This is what most people think of when you say “Arduino,” even

though it’s only one piece of a larger system.

CHAPTER 1 ■ HARDWARE

The I/O Board is the physically tangible part of the Arduino system. Technically speaking, the term

Arduino covers the hardware, software, development team, design philosophy, and esprit de corps of the

user community. Yet you’ll often hear people say things like, “Please hand me that Arduino,” or “Careful

with that Arduino, Eugene.”

Arduino was originally developed in Ivrea, Italy. Arduin of Ivrea was the king of Italy about a

thousand years ago and is celebrated in local history. The Piazza Gioberti hosts a pub named after this

famous king, which some say is only named after the road it’s on, the Via Arduino.

The name Arduino is a masculine Italian name meaning “strong friend.” Being a proper name,

Arduino is always capitalized. The model name Uno is stylized in all capitals only in the logo on the PCB.

For more on the history and heritage of Arduino, as well as mountains of other fascinating information,

please see the Arduino web site, http://arduino.cc .

The Arduino I/O Board has traditionally been based on the Atmel AVR ATmega8 and later

derivatives. The I/O Board also contains a serial port, power supply circuitry, expansion connectors, and

miscellaneous support components. The official Arduino FAQ states, “It’s just an AVR development

board” ( www.arduino.cc/en/Main/FAQ ). This assumes that you know what an AVR is. If you read Chapter

3, you will. (Hint: an AVR is a programmable microcontroller chip.) See the simplified block diagram in

Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-2. The Arduino I/O Board block diagram

The Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno was announced on September 25, 2011 at the New York Maker Faire. The model name

Uno is Italian for the number one and is intended to correspond with the Uno Punto Zero , or 1.0 release

of the Arduino software. Previous releases, numbered 0001 through 0022 have been considered alpha , or

preliminary releases.

The Arduino Uno maintains a remarkable resemblance to its forebears. The physical form factor has

remained the same. Over the years, the processor has been upgraded twice from the original ATmega8

with 8KB bytes of program memory, first to the ATmega168 with 16KB of program memory and then to

the ATmega328 with 32KB bytes of program memory, while remaining pin compatible. The nine-pin RS-

232 serial connector and interface circuitry has been replaced with a virtual serial port using various USB

interface chips. The power-supply circuitry has seen some refinement with extra over-current protection

and intelligent power-source selection.

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