introduction electronics.pdf

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Introduction to

Electronics

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An Online Text

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Bob Zulinski

Associate Professor

of Electrical Engineering

Michigan Technological University

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Version 2.0

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Introduction to Electronics ii

Dedication

Human beings are a delightful and complex amalgam of

the spiritual, the emotional, the intellectual, and the physical.

This is dedicated to all of them; especially to those

who honor and nurture me with their friendship and love.

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Introduction to Electronics iii

Table of Contents

Preface xvi

Philosophy of an Online Text ............................ xvi

Notes for Printing This Document ........................ xviii

Copyright Notice and Information ........................ xviii

Review of Linear Circuit Techniques 1

Resistors in Series .......................................... 1

Resistors in Parallel ......................................... 1

Product Over Sum 1

Inverse of Inverses 1

Ideal Voltage Sources ....................................... 2

Ideal Current Sources ....................................... 2

Real Sources .............................................. 2

Voltage Dividers ............................................ 3

Current Dividers ............................................ 4

Superposition .............................................. 4

A quick exercise 4

What’s missing from this review??? ............................. 5

You’ll still need Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s Laws 5

Basic Amplifier Concepts 6

Signal Source ............................................. 6

Amplifier .................................................. 6

Load ..................................................... 7

Ground Terminal ........................................... 7

To work with (analyze and design) amplifiers

..................... 7

Voltage Amplifier Model 8

Signal Source ............................................. 8

Amplifier Input ............................................. 8

Amplifier Output ............................................ 8

Load ..................................................... 8

Open-Circuit Voltage Gain .................................... 9

Voltage Gain .............................................. 9

Current Gain ............................................. 10

Power Gain .............................................. 10

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Introduction to Electronics iv

Power Supplies, Power Conservation, and Efficiency 11

DC Input Power ........................................... 11

Conservation of Power ...................................... 11

Efficiency ................................................ 12

Amplifier Cascades 13

Decibel Notation 14

Power Gain .............................................. 14

Cascaded Amplifiers ....................................... 14

Voltage Gain ............................................. 14

Current Gain ............................................. 15

Using Decibels to Indicate Specific Magnitudes ................... 15

Voltage levels: 15

Power levels 16

Other Amplifier Models 17

Current Amplifier Model ..................................... 17

Transconductance Amplifier Model ............................ 18

Transresistance Amplifier Model .............................. 18

Amplifier Resistances and Ideal Amplifiers 20

Ideal Voltage Amplifier ...................................... 20

Ideal Current Amplifier ...................................... 21

Ideal Transconductance Amplifier ............................. 22

Ideal Transresistance Amplifier ............................... 23

Uniqueness of Ideal Amplifiers

............................... 23

Frequency Response of Amplifiers 24

Terms and Definitions ...................................... 24

Magnitude Response 24

Phase Response 24

Frequency Response 24

Amplifier Gain 24

The Magnitude Response ................................... 25

Causes of Reduced Gain at Higher Frequencies .................. 26

Causes of Reduced Gain at Lower Frequencies .................. 26

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Introduction to Electronics v

Differential Amplifiers 27

Example: 27

Modeling Differential and Common-Mode Signals ................. 27

Amplifying Differential and Common-Mode Signals ................ 28

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio ............................... 28

Ideal Operational Amplifiers 29

Ideal Operational Amplifier Operation .......................... 29

Op Amp Operation with Negative Feedback

..................... 30

Slew Rate

............................................... 30

Op Amp Circuits - The Inverting Amplifier 31

Voltage Gain ............................................. 31

Input Resistance .......................................... 32

Output Resistance ......................................... 32

Op Amp Circuits - The Noninverting Amplifier 33

Voltage Gain ............................................. 33

Input and Output Resistance ................................. 33

Op Amp Circuits - The Voltage Follower 34

Voltage Gain ............................................. 34

Input and Output Resistance ................................. 34

Op Amp Circuits - The Inverting Summer 35

Voltage Gain

............................................. 35

Op Amp Circuits - Another Inverting Amplifier 36

Voltage Gain

............................................. 36

Op Amp Circuits - Differential Amplifier 38

Voltage Gain

............................................. 38

Op Amp Circuits - Integrators and Differentiators 40

The Integrator ............................................ 40

The Differentiator .......................................... 41

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