ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 62-1999 - Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality(1).pdf - ASHRAE - serkins

ASHRAE 62-1999

(supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE 62-1989)

Includes ASHRAE Addenda Listed in Appendix I

See Appendix I for approval dates by the ASHRAE Standards

Committee and ASHRAE Board of Directors.

ISSN 1041-2336

Ventilation

for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality

This standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing

Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards

Committee has established a documented program for regular

publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for

timely, documented, consensus action on requests for change to

any part of the standard. The change submittal form, instructions,

and deadlines are given at the back of this standard and may be

obtained in electronic form from ASHRAEs Internet Home Page,

http://www.ashrae.org. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard

may be purchased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie

Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: orders@ashrae.org.

Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free

1-800-527-4723 (for orders in the U.S. and Canada).

ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 62.1

Cognizant Technical Committee: TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration

Project Committee Liaison: Martha Hewett

Steven T. Taylor, Chair

Mark A. Huza

Lawrence J. Schoen

Andrew K. Persily, Vice Chair

Hal Levin

Max H. Sherman

Gil Avery

Michael F. Mamayek

Dennis A. Stanke

Harriet Burge

James M. Mauney

Daniel D. Thayer

Richard Daynard

John Keyser McFarland

Wayne Thomann

P. Ole Fanger

Richard A. Morris

John A. Tiffany

Edward A. Fickes

David M. Naughton

James A. Tshudy

Francis J. Fisher, Jr.

Francis J. Offerman, III

William G. Tucker

Francis Michael Gallo

Bjarne W. Olesen

Dilip Y. Vyavaharkar

Jack L. Halliwell

R. Dean Rasmussen

David R. Warden

K. Quinn Hart

James A. Reese

Michael J. Hodgson

Johnathan Samet

ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE January 1999

Michael R. Bilderbeck, Chair

Douglas C. Hittle

James A. Ranfone

Arthur E. McIvor, Vice Chair

Frederick H. Kohloss

Gaylon Richardson

George F. Carscallen

William J. Landman

Ganesan Sundaresan

Waller S. Clements

Rodney H. Lewis

Thomas E. Watson

Piotr A. Domanski

Nance C. Lovvorn

Bruce A. Wilcox

Richard A. Evans

Amanda Meitz

J. Richard Wright

Mark C. Hegberg

Davor Novosel

James E. Woods, ExO

Martha J. Hewett

Joseph A. Pietsch

Ronald P. Vallort, CxO

Claire Ramspeck, Manager of Standards

SPECIAL NOTE

This is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which

ASHRAE is a member, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the

concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be

considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal

jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.

ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public

review.

ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The

Project Committee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE

members, all must be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests

on all Project Committees.

The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:

a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,

b. participation in the next review of the Standard,

c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard,

d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.

DISCLAIMER

ASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information

and accepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any

products, components, or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAE’s Standards or Guidelines or that

any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.

ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS

ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of

testing for rating purposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions

of this equipment, and by providing other information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards

and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformance to them is completely voluntary.

In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either

stated or implied, that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.

CONTENTS

ASHRAE Standard 62-1999,

Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

SECTION

PAGE

Foreword

1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................ 2

2 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................... 2

3 Definitions......................................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Classification .................................................................................................................................................... 4

5 Systems and Equipment .................................................................................................................................. 4

6 Procedures ....................................................................................................................................................... 6

7 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 14

Appendix A—Conversion Factors (A-1), Parts Per Million and Mass Per Unit Volume ...................................... 15

Appendix B—Positive Combustion Air Supply.................................................................................................... 16

Appendix C—Guidance for the Establishment of Air Quality Criteria for the Indoor Environment ..................... 16

Appendix D—Rationale for Minimum Physiological Requirements for

Respiration Air Based on CO 2 Concentration ............................................................................. 22

Appendix E—Procedure for Use of Cleaned Recirculated Air ........................................................................... 24

Appendix F—Ventilation Effectiveness .............................................................................................................. 25

Appendix G—Rationale for Lag or Lead Time for Transient Occupancy........................................................... 25

Appendix H—Rationale for Reducing Outdoor Air When Loads on a Multi-Zone System Are Unequal............ 26

Appendix I—Addenda Description Information ................................................................................................... 27

(This foreword is not part of this standard but is included

for information purposes only. )

Addendum 62 d adds caveats to the scope stating that

compliance with the standard will not necessarily result in

acceptable indoor air quality for a variety of reasons. The

comfort and health effects of indoor environments are very

complex and not fully understood. It is not possible at this time

to create a standard that will provide acceptable indoor air for

all occupants under all circumstances.

FOREWORD

This release of ASHRAE Standard 62 incorporates the

four addenda approved since the standard was converted to

continuous maintenance in 1997. More specific information

on the content of each addendum is included in an informative

appendix at the end of this standard. Future addenda will be

added to the standard as they are approved, in accordance

with ASHRAE procedures for standards operating under con-

tinuous maintenance.

Addendum 62 e removes the statement that the ventilation

rates in Table 2 accommodate a moderate amount of smoking.

The stated purpose of ASHRAE Standard 62-1999 is to

“…specify minimum ventilation rates and indoor air quality

that will be acceptable to human occupants….” The standard

further defines acceptable indoor air quality as “air in which

there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as

determined by cognizant authorities….” Since the last publi-

cation of this standard in 1989, numerous cognizant authori-

ties have determined that environmental tobacco smoke is

harmful to human health. These authorities include, among

others, the United States Environmental Protection Agency,

World Health Organization, American Medical Association,

American Lung Association, National Institute of Occupa-

tional Safety and Health, National Academy of Sciences,

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the

Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. This addendum does not

prohibit smoking or any other activity in buildings, but rather

removes the statement that the recommended ventilation rates

are intended to accommodate a moderate amount of smoking.

ASHRAE’s first ventilation standard was ASHRAE Stan-

dard 62-73, Standards for Natural and Mechanical Ventilation

(see Reference i), which defined “…ventilation requirements

for spaces intended for human occupancy and specifies mini-

mum and recommended ventilation air quantities for the pres-

ervation of the occupant’s health, safety, and well-being.” The

standard provided a prescriptive approach to ventilation by

specifying both minimum and recommended outdoor airflow

rates to obtain acceptable indoor air quality for a variety of

indoor spaces. Under the normal review cycle, ASHRAE pub-

lished the revised Standard 62-1981, Ventilation for Accept-

able Indoor Air Quality (see Reference ii). The 1981 standard

introduced the alternative air quality procedure to permit

innovative, energy-conserving ventilation practices. This

alternative procedure allowed the engineer to use whatever

amount of outdoor air deemed necessary if he or she could

show that the levels of indoor air contaminants were held

below recommended limits.

Addendum 62 f addresses a lack of clarity in ANSI/

ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 that has contributed to several

misunderstandings regarding the significance of indoor car-

bon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels. The standard previously led many

users to conclude that CO 2 was itself a comprehensive indica-

tor of indoor air quality and a contaminant with its own health

impacts, rather than simply a useful indicator of the concen-

tration of human bioeffluents.

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 retained the two proce-

dures for ventilation design, the Ventilation Rate Procedure

and the Indoor Air Quality Procedure (see reference iii). The

purpose of the standard was again to specify minimum venti-

lation rates and indoor air quality that will be acceptable to

human occupants and are intended to minimize the potential

for adverse health effects.

The appendices (unless designated as normative) are not

part of this standard but are included for information pur-

poses only.

The four new addenda, while brief, nevertheless involve

important changes to the standard that are consistent with the

previous versions of ASHRAE Standard 62 in scope and phi-

losophy. However, these four addenda do not impact the

design procedures contained in the standard.

REFERENCES

i. ASHRAE Standard 62-73 (ANSI B 194.1-1977), Standards

for Natural and Mechanical Ventilation . American Soci-

ety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA. 1977.

Addendum 62 c removes consideration of thermal comfort

from the standard, since ASHRAE Standard 55 already covers

this subject. The material deleted by this addendum required

that the temperature and humidity conditions specified in

Standard 55 be maintained when the ventilation system oper-

ates. This requirement implied that heating, cooling, humidify-

ing, and dehumidifying systems may have to be installed in all

ventilated spaces, even naturally ventilated spaces and uncon-

ditioned spaces (e.g., garages). While maintaining comfort-

able thermal and moisture conditions generally improves

occupant perception of air quality, it is not always practical to

do so and should not be required.

ii. ASHRAE Standard 62-1981, Ventilation for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality . American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.,

Atlanta, GA. 1981.

iii. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-1989, Ventilation for Accept-

able Indoor Air Quality . American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.,

Atlanta, GA. 1989.

ASHRAE STANDARD 62-1999

1. PURPOSE

The purpose of this standard is to specify minimum venti-

lation rates and indoor air quality that will be acceptable to

human occupants and are intended to minimize the potential

for adverse health effects.

air, return: air removed from a space to be then recirculated

or exhausted.

air, supply: that air delivered to the conditioned space and

used for ventilation, heating, cooling, humidification, or dehu-

midification.

SCOPE

air, transfer: the movement of indoor air from one space to

another.

2.1 This standard applies to all indoor or enclosed spaces

that people may occupy, except where other applicable stan-

dards and requirements dictate larger amounts of ventilation

than this standard. Release of moisture in residential kitchens

and bathrooms, locker rooms, and swimming pools is

included in the scope of this standard.

air, ventilation: that portion of supply air that is outdoor air

plus any recirculated air that has been treated for the purpose

of maintaining acceptable indoor air quality.

chemisorb: to take up and hold, usually irreversibly, by chem-

ical forces.

2.2 This standard considers chemical, physical, and biolog-

ical contaminants that can affect air quality. Thermal comfort

requirements are not included in this standard.

concentration: the quantity of one constituent dispersed in a

defined amount of another (see Appendix A).

2.3 Acceptable indoor air quality may not be achieved in all

buildings meeting the requirements of this standard for one or

more of the following reasons:

(a) because of the diversity of sources and contami-

nants in indoor air;

(b) because of the many other factors that may affect

occupant perception and acceptance of indoor air

quality, such as air temperature, humidity, noise,

lighting, and psychological stress; and

tion.

conditioned space: that part of a building that is heated or

cooled, or both, for the comfort of occupants.

contaminant: an unwanted airborne constituent that may

reduce acceptability of the air.

dust: an air suspension of particles (aerosol) of any solid

material, usually with particle size less than 100 micrometers

(

m).

energy recovery ventilation system: a device or combination

of devices applied to provide the outdoor air for ventilation in

which energy is transferred between the intake and exhaust

airstreams.

DEFINITIONS (see Figure 1)

absorption: the process of one substance entering into the

inner structure of another.

exfiltration: air leakage outward through cracks and inter-

stices and through ceilings, floors, and walls of a space or

building.

acceptable indoor air quality: air in which there are no

known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined

by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority

(80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatis-

faction.

fumes: airborne particles, usually less than 1 micrometer in

size, formed by condensation of vapors, sublimation, distilla-

tion, calcination, or chemical reaction.

gas: a state of matter in which substances exist in the form of

nonaggregated molecules, and which, within acceptable limits

of accuracy, satisfies the ideal gas laws; usually a highly super-

heated vapor.

adsorption: the adhesion of a thin film of liquid or gases to the

surface of a solid substance.

air-cleaning system: a device or combination of devices

applied to reduce the concentration of airborne contaminants,

such as microorganisms, dusts, fumes, respirable particles,

other particulate matter, gases, and/or vapors in air.

infiltration: air leakage inward through cracks and interstices

and through ceilings, floors, and walls of a space or building.

microorganism: a microscopic organism, especially a bacte-

rium, fungus, or a protozoan.

air conditioning: the process of treating air to meet the

requirements of a conditioned space by controlling its temper-

ature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution.

natural ventilation: the movement of outdoor air into a space

through intentionally provided openings, such as windows

and doors, or through nonpowered ventilators or by infiltra-

tion.

air, ambient: the air surrounding an object.

air, exhaust: air removed from a space and not reused therein.

air, makeup: outdoor air supplied to replace exhaust air and

exfiltration.

occupied zone: the region within an occupied space between

planes 3 and 72 in. (75 and 1800 mm) above the floor and more

than 2 ft (600 mm) from the walls or fixed air-conditioning

equipment (see ASHRAE Standard 55-1981, Reference 1).

air, outdoor: air taken from the external atmosphere and,

therefore, not previously circulated through the system.

air, recirculated: air removed from the conditioned space and

intended for reuse as supply air.

odor: a quality of gases, liquids, or particles that stimulates the

olfactory organ.

ASHRAE STANDARD 62-1999

ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 62-1999 - Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality(1).pdf

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