Science - March 11 2005.pdf - Science 2005 FULL - incestor

11 March 2005

Vol. 307 No. 5715

Pages 1517–1672 $10

S PECIAL I SSUE

M ARS E XPRESS : OMEGA

False-color image of the north polar region of Mars in summer, showing its composition as

inferred by the OMEGA/Mars Express visible and near-infrared imager. The cap is made of

water ice (blue) mixed with mineral grains (shades of gray), with dark zones of ice-free

minerals within which vast areas of gypsum (red), a hydrated sulfate, have been discovered.

[Image: © Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale]

Volume 307

11 March 2005

Number 5715

I NTRODUCTION

1574 Minerals Over Mars

V IEWPOINT

1575 Ancient Mars: Wet in Many Places

D. A. Paige

R ESEARCH A RTICLE AND R EPORTS

1576

1584 Sulfates in the North Polar Region of Mars Detected by

OMEGA/Mars Express

Y. Langevin et al.

1587 Sulfates in Martian Layered Terrains: The OMEGA/Mars

Express View

A. Gendrin et al.

1591 Spectral Reflectance and Morphologic Correlations in

Eastern Terra Meridiani, Mars

R. E. Arvidson et al.

1594 Olivine and Pyroxene Diversity in the Crust of Mars

J. F. Mustard et al.

Related Editorial page 1533; Book Review page 1564

Mars Surface Diversity as Revealed by the OMEGA/Mars

Express Observations

J.-P. Bibring et al.

1581

Summer Evolution of the North Polar Cap of Mars as

Observed by OMEGA/Mars Express

Y. Langevin et al.

D EPARTMENTS

1551

O PTOELECTRONICS

New Generation of Minute Lasers Steps Into

the Light

1527

S CIENCE O NLINE

1529

T HIS W EEK IN S CIENCE

1552

O CEAN D RILLING

Japan’s New Ship Sets Standard as Modern,

Floating Laboratory

1533

E DITORIAL by Donald Kennedy

Confusion at the Space Agency

related News story page 1541; Mars Express:

OMEGA section page 1574

1554

S TRUCTURAL B IOLOGY

Structural Genomics, Round 2

A Dearth of New Folds

1535

E DITORS ’C HOICE

1538

C ONTACT S CIENCE

1558

R ANDOM S AMPLES

L ETTERS

1539

N ET W ATCH

1646

N EW P RODUCTS

1647

S CIENCE C AREERS

N EWS OF THE W EEK

1560

Academy of Natural Sciences: Job Cuts J. S. LaPolla ; F. H.

Sheldon et al . ; D. J. Baker. The Recreational Fisher’s

Perspective M. Nussman. Response F. C. Coleman et al .

Global Impact of Recreational Fisheries R. Arlinghaus and

S. J. Cooke. Response F. C. Coleman et al . The Discoverers

of Glass S. J. Breiner. A New Climate Research Center in

Italy G. Visconti

B OOKS ET AL .

1540

B IODEFENSE

Unnoticed Amendment Bans Synthesis of

Smallpox Virus

Report Faults Smallpox Vaccination Campaign

1540

1541

S PAC E S CIENCE

NASA Plans to Turn Off Several Satellites

related Editorial page 1533

1564

P LANETARY S CIENCE

Mars A Warmer, Wetter Planet

J. S. Kargel, reviewed by V. E. Hamilton

related Mars Express: OMEGA section page 1574

1543

N EUTRINO P HYSICS

Fermilab Experiment Shoots the Muon

1543

S CIENCE S COP E

1544

G ENE T HERAPY

Panel Urges Tighter Limits on X-SCID Trials

1565

E XHIBITS :E XPLORATION

William Hodges 1744 –1797 The Art of Exploration

G. Quilley and J. Bonehill, Eds ., reviewed by R. S. Winters

P OLICY F ORUM

1544

I NDIA

Prime Minister Backs NSF-like Funding Body

1545

P ALEOANTHROPOLOGY

Skeleton of Upright Human Ancestor

Discovered in Ethiopia

1566

I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY

Patents on Human Genes: An Analysis of Scope

and Claims

J. Paradise, L. Andrews, T. Holbrook

P ERSPECTIVES

1547

A LZHEIMER ’ S D ISEASE

Play and Exercise Protect Mouse Brain From

Amyloid Buildup

N EWS F OCUS

1548

1568

G EOPHYSICS

Information from Seismic Noise

R. L. Weaver

related Report page 1615

1548

N EUROIMAGING

Brain Scans Raise Privacy Concerns

An Image of Disease

Contents continued

1521

www.sciencemag.org

SCIENCE

VOL 307

11 MARCH 2005

P ERSPECTIVES CONTINUED

1569

P LANT S CIENCES

Plant Genes on Steroids R. Sablowski and N. P. Harberd related Report page 1634

1570

C ELL B IOLOGY

Does Notch Take the Sweet Road to Success? J. B. Lowe

related Research Article page 1599

1572

S IGNAL T RANSDUCTION

A New Mediator for an Old Hormone? S. C. Hewitt, B. J. Deroo, K. S. Korach

related Report page 1625

S CIENCE E XPRESS

www.sciencexpress.org

M EDICINE

Complement Factor H Polymorphism in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

R. J. Klein, C. Zeiss, E. Y. Chew, J.-Y. Tsai, R. S. Sackler, C. Haynes, A. K. Henning,

J. P. SanGiovanni, S. M. Mane, S. T. Mayne, M. B. Bracken, F. L. Ferris, J. Ott, C. Barnstable, J. Hoh

Complement Factor H Polymorphism and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

A. O. Edwards, R. Ritter III, K. J. Abel, A. Manning, C. Panhuysen, L. A. Farrer

Complement Factor H Variant Increases the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

J. L. Haines, M. A. Hauser, S. Schmidt, W. K. Scott, L. M. Olson, P. Gallins, K. L. Spencer, S. Y. Kwan, M.

Noureddine, J. R. Gilbert, N. Schnetz-Boutaud, A. Agarwal, E. A. Postel, M. A. Pericak-Vance

P ERSPECTIVE : Was the Human Genome Project Worth the Effort?

S. P. Daiger

People with a common variant of a gene that modulates inflammation have a greater risk of developing

macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in the elderly.

C HEMISTRY : Amplification of Acetylcholine-Binding Catenanes from Dynamic Combinatorial

Libraries

R. T. S. Lam, A. Belenguer, S. L. Roberts, C. Naumann, T. Jarrosson, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders

Coupling of small synthetic peptides around the neurotransmitter acetylcholine yields a surprisingly

complicated receptor composed of two linked 42-membered rings.

B REVIA

1598

D EVELOPMENTAL B IOLOGY : Isolation of an Algal Morphogenesis Inducer from a Marine Bacterium

Y. Matsuo, H. Imagawa, M. Nishizawa, Y. Shizuri

The leafy morphology of marine green algae is maintained by a chemical produced by bacteria on their surfaces

and not by substances in the ocean.

R ESEARCH A RTICLES

1570

1599

C ELL B IOLOGY : Chaperone Activity of Protein O -Fucosyltransferase 1 Promotes Notch

Receptor Folding

T. Okajima, A. Xu, L. Lei, K. D. Irvine

An enzyme thought to add sugar groups to a key receptor protein as it travels to the membrane unexpectedly

also acts as a chaperone to ensure correct folding of the receptor. related Perspective page 1570

1603

C ELL S IGNALING : Regulation of the Polarity Protein Par6 by TGF

Receptors Controls Epithelial

Cell Plasticity

B. Ozdamar, R. Bose, M. Barrios-Rodiles, H.-R. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. L. Wrana

Maturing epithelial cells acquire the ability to migrate when a growth hormone binds to its receptor,

triggering destruction of the proteins involved in cellular adhesion.

R EPORTS

1610

A STROPHYSICS : The Magnetic Field of the Large Magellanic Cloud Revealed Through Faraday Rotation

B. M. Gaensler, M. Haverkorn, L. Staveley-Smith, J. M. Dickey, N. M. McClure-Griffiths,

J. R. Dickel, M. Wolleben

Radio waves provide a detailed view of a galaxy’s magnetic field, showing that it forms a coherent spiral

with fluctuations driven by bursts of star formation.

1572 &

1625

1612

M ATERIALS S CIENCE : Molecular Mechanisms for the Functionality of Lubricant Additives

N. J. Mosey, M. H. Müser, T. K. Woo

Simulations show that the zinc in motor oil additives reduces wear by polymerizing under the high-pressure

conditions in steel engines, creating a protective film.

Contents continued

1523

www.sciencemag.org

SCIENCE

VOL 307

11 MARCH 2005

R EPORTS CONTINUED

1615

G EOPHYSICS : High-Resolution Surface-Wave Tomography from Ambient Seismic Noise

N. M. Shapiro, M. Campillo, L. Stehly, M. H. Ritzwoller

Information contained in the ambient noise from the atmosphere and ocean recorded by seismometers can

be used to construct high-resolution images of the Earth’s crust. related Perspective page 1568

1618

E VOLUTION : Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig

Domestication

G. Larson, K. Dobney, U. Albarella, M. Fang, E. Matisoo-Smith, J. Robins, S. Lowden,

H. Finlayson, T. Brand, E. Willerslev, P. Rowley-Conwy, L. Andersson, A. Cooper

Mitochondrial DNA sequences of wild and domestic pigs implies that wild boar were domesticated at least

seven times throughout Eurasia.

1621

C ELL B IOLOGY : High-Throughput Mapping of a Dynamic Signaling Network in

Mammalian Cells

M. Barrios-Rodiles, K. R. Brown, B. Ozdamar, R. Bose, Z. Liu, R. S. Donovan, F. Shinjo, Y. Liu,

J. Dembowy, I. W. Taylor, V. Luga, N. Przulj, M. Robinson, H. Suzuki, Y. Hayashizaki, I. Jurisica,

J. L. Wrana

A rapid method for finding hundreds of connections in cellular signaling networks shows how a network of

over 900 interactions controlled by a single growth factor regulates cell adhesion.

1612

1625

C ELL S IGNALING : A Transmembrane Intracellular Estrogen Receptor Mediates Rapid Cell

Signaling

C. M. Revankar, D. F. Cimino, L. A. Sklar, J. B. Arterburn, E. R. Prossnitz

Estrogen may act through a receptor in the membrane of a cytoplasmic organelle in addition to the

classical estrogen receptor in the nucleus. related Perspective page 1572

1630

I MMUNOLOGY : Differential Lysosomal Proteolysis in Antigen-Presenting Cells Determines

Antigen Fate

L. Delamarre, M. Pack, H. Chang, I. Mellman, E. S. Trombetta

Antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells and white blood cells degrade internalized antigens slowly,

preserving them for efficient tolerance induction and immunity.

1634

P LANT S CIENCES : BZR1 Is a Transcriptional Repressor with Dual Roles in Brassinosteroid

Homeostasis and Growth Responses

J.-X. He, J. M. Gendron, Y. Sun, S. S. L. Gampala, N. Gendron, C. Q. Sun, Z.-Y. Wang

A newly described transcription factor regulates both the biosynthesis of a steroid hormone in plants and

how that hormone controls growth. related Perspective page 1569

1638

N EUROSCIENCE : Insect Sex-Pheromone Signals Mediated by Specific Combinations of

Olfactory Receptors

T. Nakagawa, T. Sakurai, T. Nishioka, K. Touhara

In the silk moth, and perhaps other insects, responses to sex pheromones require expression of both the

appropriate pheromone receptor and a general olfactory receptor.

1642

N EUROSCIENCE : Adaptive Coding of Reward Value by Dopamine Neurons

P. N. Tobler, C. D. Fiorillo, W. Schultz

In monkeys, dopamine neurons that influence motivation adjust their activity according to the expected

size of a juice reward.

1618

SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of

Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Periodicals Mail postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington, DC, and additional

Domestic individual membership and subscription (51 issues): $135 ($74 allocated to subscription). Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $550;

Foreign postage extra: Mexico, Caribbean (surface mail) $55; other countries (air assist delivery) $85. First class, airmail, student, and emeritus rates on

request. Canadian rates with GST available upon request, GST #1254 88122. Publications Mail Agreement Number 1069624. Printed in the U.S.A.

Change of address: allow 4 weeks, giving old and new addresses and 8-digit account number. Postmaster: Send change of address to Science , P.O. Box 1811, Danbury, CT 06813–1811. Single copy sales: $10.00

per issue prepaid includes surface postage; bulk rates on request. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright

Act is granted by AAAS to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that $15.00 per article is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood

Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification code for Science is 0036-8075/83 $15.00. Science is indexed in the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature and in several specialized indexes.

Contents continued

1525

www.sciencemag.org

SCIENCE

VOL 307

11 MARCH 2005

sciencenow www.sciencenow.org

D AILY N EWS C OVERAGE

www.scienceonline.org

The Great Mountain Builder

Some mountain ranges owe their height to very cold climates.

A Hot Stellar Womb

Strong magnetic fields may play a role in the earliest formation of stars.

Outdoing Mother Nature

Humans erode more earth than all natural processes combined.

science’s next wave www.nextwave.org C AREER R ESOURCES FOR Y OUNG S CIENTISTS

G LOBAL : Next Wave Special Issue—Science Careers in National Security Edited by A. Kotok

Next Wave explores careers in the science of today's threats to national security.

G LOBAL : Opportunities for Scientists at the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency J. Kling

The DIA offers American scientists a way to contribute to the defense of the U.S. and its allies.

G LOBAL /C ANADA : Science in Defense—Canadian Careers in National Security Research A. Fazekas

Several Canadian agencies employ scientists to ensure the safety of its national borders.

G LOBAL /UK: A Scientist as a Knowledge Agent A. Forde

A former geosciences researcher now works for the UK’s Defence Science and Technology Laboratory.

M I S CI N ET : The Beauty of Statistics E. Francisco

Francisco Samaniego hopes to encourage more minority students to consider careers in statistics.

C AREER D EVELOPMENT C ENTER : Small-College Shenanigans GrantDoctor

For early-career scientists at small colleges, the biggest barrier to research productivity can be the

institution itself.

Countering nonconventional

threats.

science’s sage ke www.sageke.org S CIENCE OF A GING K NOWLEDGE E NVIRONMENT

G ENETICALLY A LTERED M ICE : Park2 tm1Rpa Mice J. Fuller

Mice designed to model a heritable form of Parkinson’s disease do not exhibit parkinsonism.

N EWS F OCUS : Sugar Rush M. Leslie

Potential life-extending enzyme cranks up glucose synthesis.

N EWS F OCUS : Early Warning R. J. Davenport

Memory fades when

The inside track on Alzheimer’s

disease.

amyloid accumulates inside neurons.

science’s stke www.stke.org S IGNAL T RANSDUCTION K NOWLEDGE E NVIRONMENT

P ERSPECTIVE : Alone at Last! New Functions for Ca 2+ Channel

Subunits? M. Rousset,

T. Cens, P. Charnet

subunits exhibit regulatory activities that are independent of the pore-forming

subunit.

Crystal structure of calcium

channel subunits.

P ROTOCOL : Utilizing the Split-Ubiquitin Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid System to Identify

Protein-Protein Interactions of Integral Membrane Proteins K. Iyer, L. Bürkle, D. Auerbach,

S. Thaminy, M. Dinkel, K. Engels, I. Stagljar

Reconstitution of ubiquitin allows screening for membrane protein–binding partners.

Separate individual or institutional subscriptions to these products may be required for full-text access.

GrantsNet

www.grantsnet.org

R ESEARCH F UNDING D ATABASE

AIDScience

www.aidscience.com

HIV P REVENTION & V ACCINE R ESEARCH

Members Only!

www.AAASMember.org

AAAS O NLINE COMMUNITY

Functional Genomics

www.sciencegenomics.org

N EWS ,R ESEARCH ,R ESOURCES

1527

www.sciencemag.org

SCIENCE

VOL 307

11 MARCH 2005

Science - March 11 2005.pdf

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: