Gale Group Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World Vol 1.pdf

A NCIENT

E UROPE

8000 B.C. – A.D. 1000

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE BARBARIAN WORLD

VOLUME I

T HE M ESOLITHIC TO C OPPER A GE

( C . 8000 – 2000 B . C .)

Peter Bogucki & Pam J. Crabtree

Editors in Chief

Ancient Europe 8000 B . C .– A . D . 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World

Peter Bogucki and Pam J. Crabtree, Editors in Chief

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.–A.D. 1000 : encyclopedia of the Barbarian

world / Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, editors.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-684-80668-1 (set : hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN

0-684-80669-X (vol. 1) — ISBN 0-684-80670-3 (vol. 2) — ISBN

0-684-31421-5 (e-book)

1. Antiquities, Prehistoric—Europe—Encyclopedias. 2. Prehistoric

peoples—Europe—Encyclopedias. 3. History, Ancient—Encyclopedias. 4.

Europe—History—To 476—Encyclopedias. 5.

Europe—History—392-814—Encyclopedias. I. Bogucki, Peter I. II.

Crabtree, Pam J.

D62 .A52 2004

936—dc22

2003015251

This title is also available as an e-book.

ISBN 0-684-31421-5

Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

EDITORIAL AND

PRODUCTION STAFF

Project Editor

Alja Kooistra Collar

Assisting Editors

Cindy Clendenon, Shawn Corridor, Sharon Malinowski

Copy Editors

Marcia Merryman Means

Lisa Dixon, Gretchen Gordon, Jeffrey J. Hill, Jean Fortune Kaplan,

Jane Marie Todd

Proofreader

Carol Holmes

Indexer

J. Naomi Linzer

Image Researcher

Deanna Raso

Senior Art Director

Pamela Galbreath

Imaging

Lezlie Light, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Mary Grimes, Dan Newell, Dave

Oblender, Christine O’Bryan, Kelly A. Quin, Denay Wilding

Cartographer

XNR Productions

Line Illustrator

GGS Information Services

Composition

Datapage Technologies International

Manufacturing

Wendy Blurton

Senior Editor

John Fitzpatrick

Publisher

Frank Menchaca

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

List of Maps ................... xv

Preface ..................... xvii

Maps of Ancient Europe, 8000–

2000 B . C .................... xix

Chronology of Ancient Europe, 8000–

1000 B . C . .................. xxv

List of Contributors .............. xxix

1: DISCOVERING BARBARIAN EUROPE

Introduction ( Peter Bogucki and Pam J. Crabtree ) ............ 3

Humans and Environments ( I. G. Simmons ) ................ 7

Origins and Growth of European Prehistory ( Paul G. Bahn ) ..... 14

The Nature of Archaeological Data ( Pam J. Crabtree and

Douglas V. Campana ) ........................ 22

Tollund Man ( Helle Vandkilde ) ..................... 26

Survey and Excavation ( Albert Ammerman ) ............... 29

Saltbæk Vig ( Anne Birgitte Gebauer ) ................. 36

Dating and Chronology ( Martin Bridge ) ................. 40

Archaeology and Environment ( Petra Dark ) ............... 47

Settlement Patterns and Landscapes ( John Bintliff ) ........... 55

Trade and Exchange ( Robert H. Tykot ) .................. 65

Status and Wealth ( Peter S. Wells ) ...................... 72

Hochdorf ( Peter S. Wells ) ........................ 79

Gender ( Janet E. Levy ) ............................ 81

Ritual and Ideology ( John Chapman ) ................... 90

Hjortspring ( Peter S. Wells ) ....................... 99

Archaeology and Language ( David W. Anthony ) ............ 101

vii

CONTENTS

Warfare and Conquest ( Lawrence H. Keeley and Russell S. Quick ) .. 110

Maiden Castle ( Niall Sharples )

.................... 118

2: POSTGLACIAL FORAGERS, 8000–4000 B . C .

Introduction ( Peter Bogucki ) ........................ 123

Postglacial Environmental Transformation ( Neil Roberts ) ....... 126

The Mesolithic of Northern Europe ( Peter Bogucki ) .......... 132

Skateholm ( Lars Larsson ) ........................ 140

Tybrind Vig ( Søren H. Andersen ) ................... 141

The Mesolithic of Northwest Europe ( Christopher Tolan-Smith ) ... 144

Mount Sandel ( Peter C. Woodman ) .................. 151

Star Carr ( Paul Mellars ) ........................ 153

The Mesolithic of Iberia ( João Zilhão ) .................. 157

Muge Shell Middens ( João Zilhão ) .................. 164

The Mesolithic of Upland Central and Southern Europe

( Barbara Voytek ) ........................... 167

Iron Gates Mesolithic ( Clive Bonsall ) ................ 175

Franchthi Cave ( Julie M. Hansen ) .................. 179

The Mesolithic of Eastern Europe ( Marek Zvelebil ) .......... 183

Oleneostrovskii Mogilnik ( Marek Zvelebil )

............. 192

3: TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE, 7000–4000 B . C .

Introduction ( Peter Bogucki ) ........................ 201

Crops of the Early Farmers ( Julie M. Hansen ) ............. 204

Livestock of the Early Farmers ( Nerissa Russell ) ............ 211

First Farmers of Europe ( Curtis Runnels ) ................ 218

Achilleion ( Ernestine S. Elster ) ..................... 226

Last Hunters and First Farmers on Cyprus ( Alan H.

Simmons ) ............................... 229

Transition to Farming in the Balkans ( Mihael Budja ) ......... 233

Obre ( Mihael Budja ) .......................... 240

The Farming Frontier on the Southern Steppes

( David W. Anthony ) ......................... 242

Spread of Agriculture Westward across the Mediterranean

( William K. Barnett ) ........................ 248

Arene Candide ( Peter Rowley-Conwy ) ................ 253

Caldeirão Cave ( João Zilhão ) ...................... 255

First Farmers of Central Europe ( Lawrence H. Keeley and

Mark Golitko ) ............................ 259

Bruchenbrücken ( Detlef Gronenborn ) ................ 266

Bylany ( Jonathan Last ) ......................... 269

Beginnings of Farming in Northwestern Europe ( Anne Tresset ) ... 273

Neolithic Sites of the Orkney Islands ( Peter Bogucki ) ....... 281

Hambledon Hill ( Roger Mercer )

................... 283

viii

ANCIENT EUROPE

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