Laboratory methods of organic chemistry - L. Gatterman.pdf - ANGIELSKIE - Nekromantis

LABORATORY METHODS

ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY

L. GATTERMANN

COMPLETELY REVISED BY

HEINRICH WIELAND

TRANSLATED FROM

THE TWENTY-FOURTH GERMAN EDITION

BY W. MCCARTNEY, PH.D.(EDIN.), A.I.C.

LATE ASSISTANT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

WITH 59 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

NEW YORK

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1937

PRINTFD IN GREAT BRITAIN

BY B. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, EDINBUMGH

PEEFACE TO THE TWENTY-FOUBTH EDITION

WHILE the student is being educated in preparative work it is

necessary for him to acquire some knowledge of the incessant pro-

gress in the methods of organic chemistry and at the same time to

become familiar with the most recent results of research work. For

these reasons a series of changes had to be made when this new

edition was prepared. In order not to increase the bulk of the book

these objects have been attained by sacrificing examples {e.g. lino-

lenic acid, crystal violet, Gattermann-Koch aldehyde synthesis)

with which, from this point of view, it seemed possible to dispense.

Of the newly included methods two may be mentioned here :

analysis by chromatographic adsorption which has attained such

great importance, and the ozonisation of unsaturated compounds by

the recently well-developed procedure.

The section on analytical methods has been completely re-

written because the development of organic chemistry has caused

the macro-methods practised in the classic period, methods which

required considerable amount of material, to come to be regarded as

survivals. The candidate for the Doctor degree, we know, no longer

has to acquire the art of carrying out combustions since he is rightly

unwilling, in practising this art, to sacrifice relatively enormous

amounts of pure substance, often laboriously obtained. On various

grounds I doubt the advisability of including micro-analysis in

general practical courses.

During a period of two years we have obtained such good results

in this laboratory with a procedure worked out, on the basis of

Pregl's method, by Dr. F. Holscher that I have included it in this

book. For this procedure 20-30 mg. of substance are required.

The position has been reached where the candidate for the Doctor

vi LABOEATORY METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

degree who reaps from his investigation a harvest not altogether

too scanty and too precious, again carries out himself the com-

bustion of his substances.

It will be understood that, in working out this " meso-analytical "

method now recommended we have made use, not only of the funda-

mental principles of Pregl, but also of all practical and tested

improvements of other authors. (I propose the term " meso-

analytical " instead of the clumsy " half-micro ".)

A reprint of the English edition of the book has appeared, and

I have by chance learned that it has been translated into Russian

and already published in two very large editions in Soviet Russia.

An Italian translation is in course of preparation.

I again have to thank several colleagues for valuable suggestions.

In particular I have to thank Prof. F. G. Fischer, Freiburg, and

Dr. Elisabeth Dane, as well as my teaching assistant Dr. G. Hesse,

for their active collaboration in the revision of the book. The

proofs have been corrected by T. Wieland.

HEINRICH WIELAND

MUNICH, June 1935

PREFACE TO THE KEVISED (NINETEENTH)

EDITION

IT is rather more than thirty years ago since Ludwig Gattermann

published the first edition of his Anleitung fur das organisch-chemische

Praktikum. The plan of providing the preparative directions with

theoretical explanations has certainly proved satisfactory. That

is already shown by the wide circulation of the book, of which

eighteen editions have appeared. Methodology and technique are

undoubtedly the chief objects of the practical course, but aiming

merely at culinary art and technical achievement such a course

does not accomplish enough. A command of methods implies above

all an understanding of their rationale and a power of adapting

their numerous modifications to particular requirements; the

architect is more important than the mason. We demand that

the student should be conversant with the theory of the transfor-

mations which he carries out practically. The comments made

on the individual preparations are intended to facilitate a survey

of the subject in hand, and to encourage the use of text-books

and journals by further reading. Now that a knowledge of the

principles of organic chemistry may be assumed during the pre-

parative work in German universities, the danger of such com-

ments becoming a pons asinorum is remote.

In rewriting the book the theoretical and practical requirements

have been deliberately increased. The equipment which sufficed

during the last three decades has now become insufficient for those

who desire to work at present-day problems, where difficulties

have been accentuated alike in pure science and in technology.

The idea of making the preparative work at once an explanation

and a living experience of the science has demanded a rearrange-

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