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Changing Global Patterns
Section 1
Challenges of a New Century
Section 2
New Global Communities
MAKING CONNECTIONS
Who is affected by civil war?
Conflicts throughout the world have forced millions of people from
their homes. Violent conflicts over border disputes in places like
Ethiopia and Eritrea have forced thousands of people into refugee
camps like the one shown in this photo. Refugees depend upon
assistance from the international community in order to survive. In
this chapter you will learn about efforts to solve global problems.
• What is the United Nations doing to resolve and prevent conflicts
around the world?
• Give an example of a problem in another nation and explain how
it affects the United States.
1962
Scientist Rachel
Carson warns of
pesticide dangers
1984
Widespread
famine begins in
western Africa
1990
World Wide
Web created
T
HE
W
ORLD
1960
1980
1969
U.S. moon
landing
1986
Nuclear accident
at Chernobyl
1036
(l) Alfred Eisenstaedt//Time Life Pictures/Getty Images, (r) Caroline Penn/CORBIS, Jorgen Schytte/Peter Arnold, Inc.
Identifying
Identify
environmental, social,
economic, and politi-
cal challenges in the
world today and
record them on a
Folded Chart. Under
each entry, briefly summarize
the challenge.
2001
Terrorists attack
U.S. World Trade Center
and Pentagon
2006
North Korea
performs its first
nuclear test
2000
2006
World population
passes 6.5 billion mark
(ISTORY
/.,).%
Chapter Overview—
Visit
glencoe.com
to preview Chapter 32.
Jorgen Schytte/Peter Arnold, Inc., Reuters/CORBIS
Challenges of a New Century
In the twenty-first century, science and technology continue
to build a global community connected by the Internet.
Scientific advances have brought benefits in medicine and
agriculture, but also new weapons of war. Development is
creating great wealth, but it also damages the planet. The
uneven distribution of our global wealth may be one factor
contributing to a new challenge—terrorism.
GUIDE TO READING
The BIG Idea
New Technologies
Today’s societies face
many challenges, and they must balance the costs
and benefits of the technological revolution.
Content Vocabulary
• bioterrorism
(
p. 1040)
• ecology
(
p. 1042)
• deforestation
(
p. 1042)
• desertification
(p
. 1042)
• greenhouse effect
(p.
1042)
• sustainable
development
(p
. 1042
)
• global economy
(p.
1043)
Technological Revolution
The benefits of the technological revolution must be balanced
against its costs.
HISTORY & YOU
Do you eat organic foods? Read to learn about organic farming
and the Green Revolution.
Academic Vocabulary
• function
(p.
1039)
•
(p
. 1041)
People and Events
• Neil Armstrong
(p
. 1040)
• Green Revolution
(p
. 1041)
• Rachel Carson
(p
. 1042)
Since World War II, but especially since the 1970s, a stunning
array of changes has created a technological revolution. Like the
first and second Industrial Revolutions, this revolution is also
having a profound effect on people’s daily lives and on entire
societies.
• Kyoto Protocol
(p.
1042)
• Universal Declaration
of Human Rights
(p.
1045)
• Patriot Act
(
p. 1047)
Communication, Transportation, and Space
Global transportation and communication systems are trans-
forming the world community. People are connected and “online”
throughout the world as they have never been before. Space
exploration and orbiting satellites have increased our understand-
ing of our world and of solar systems beyond our world.
Since the 1970s, jumbo jet airlines have moved millions of peo-
ple around the world each year. A flight between London and
New York took half a day in 1945. Now, that trip takes only five
or six hours. The Internet—the world’s largest computer net-
work—provides quick access to vast quantities of information.
The World Wide Web, developed in the 1990s, has made the Inter-
net even more accessible to people everywhere. Satellites, cable
television, facsimile (fax) machines, cellular telephones, and com-
puters enable people to communicate with one another practi-
cally everywhere in the world. Communication and transportation
systems have made the world a truly global village.
The computer may be the most revolutionary of all technological
inventions of the twentieth century. The first computer was really a
product of World War II. British mathematician Alan Turing
designed the first electronic computer to crack enemy codes. Tur-
ing’s machine did calculations faster than any human. IBM of the
Reading Strategy
Determining Cause and Effect
As
you read, complete a table like the one below to
determine the cause and effect of global concerns.
Concern
Cause
Effect
Deforestation
Greenhouse effect
Weapons
Hunger
1038
Satellite Communications
Today, hundreds of satellites orbit Earth. Some are used
to predict the weather, and others help navigate ships, air-
craft, and cars. Communications satellites are used to
relay radio, television, and telephone signals.
Communication satellites are part of everyday life. Televi-
sion stations transmit their programs to a satellite as radio
waves. The satellite amplifies the signal and transmits it to
your cable or dish provider to forward to your television.
Satellite phones receive signals via satellite relay. They are
much more costly than cell phones, so they are not com-
monly used. In an emergency, satellite phones may offer the
only means of communication. When a hurricane destroyed
Florida’s cell towers, rescue workers could still communi-
cate by satellite phone.
The communications satellite
Syncom-IV was launched by
space shuttle Discovery.
1.
Comparing and Contrasting
What
are the advantages and disadvantages
of satellite phones and cell phones?
2.
Finding the Main Idea
What role do
satellites play in the transmission of a
television broadcast?
Television signals travel in a straight line. To receive the signal,
an antenna must have a “clear line of sight” to the source. Since
Earth is curved, its surface obstructs the line of sight. Satellites
solve this problem by allowing signals to travel high above Earth
giving them an unobstructed line to homes.
United States made the first computer with
stored memory in 1948. The IBM 1401, mar-
keted in 1959, was the first computer used
in large numbers in business and industry.
These early computers used thousands of
vacuum tubes to
function.
These machines
took up considerable space. The develop-
ment of the transistor and the silicon chip
produced a revolutionary new approach to
computers.
Then, in 1971, the microprocessor was
invented and paved the way for the per-
sonal computer. Both small and powerful,
the personal computer became a regular
fixture in businesses, schools, and homes
by the 1990s. The computer made many
routine tasks easier and became important
in nearly every area of modern life. Other
tools and machines depend on computers
to function. For example, a computer
makes many of the decisions used in flying
an airplane.
Through their personal computers,
people can go on the Internet, a huge web
of linked computer networks. The Inter-
net was introduced to the public for the
first time in 1972. That same year, elec-
tronic mail, or e-mail, was introduced.
CHAPTER 32
Changing Global Patterns
1039
Bettmann/CORBIS
The system mushroomed, and by the early
1990s, a new way of sending Internet infor-
mation called hypertext transfer protocol
(http) had been developed. This, combined
with the invention of Web browsers, made
it easier for people to use the Internet. By
early 2007, there were more than 1 billion
Internet users worldwide.
Technological developments have also
improved our ability to explore space. Ever
since
Neil Armstrong
and Buzz Aldrin
landed on the moon in 1969, the explora-
tion of space has continued. Space probes
have increased our understanding of dis-
tant planets. Satellites in orbit provide
information about weather on Earth. Other
satellites transmit communication signals
for radio, television, and telephone.
Launched in 1990, the Hubble Space Tele-
scope (HST), a large astronomical observa-
tory, orbits about 375 miles above Earth’s
surface. This enables the HST to avoid the
distorting effects of the Earth’s atmosphere
and to provide incredibly clear views of our
own solar system and distant galaxies. The
National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration (NASA) sent two rovers, called
Spirit
and
Opportunity,
to the planet Mars. They
arrived in 2004. Based on the minerals that
the rovers found in Mars’s rocks, NASA sci-
entists determined that the now-barren
planet once had abundant supplies of water.
NASA plans additional missions to Mars to
prepare for the eventual landing of humans
on the planet.
infect those inside. Chemical weapons were
used extensively in World War I and during
the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s.
Governments have made agreements to
limit the research, production, and use of
biological and chemical weapons. In 1972,
the United States and the Soviet Union
agreed to permit work only on defensive
biological weapons. However, these mea-
sures have not prevented terrorists from
practicing
bioterrorism,
the use of biologi-
cal and chemical weapons in terrorist
attacks. In 1995, for example, members of
the Japanese religious sect Aum Shinrikyo
released a chemical agent, sarin gas, in a
Tokyo subway. Thousands were injured
and 12 were killed.
Health Care and Health Crises
In the field of health, new medicines
enable doctors to treat both physical and
mental illnesses. New technologies, includ-
ing computer-aided imaging, have enabled
doctors to perform “miracle” operations.
Mechanical valves and pumps for the heart
as well as organ transplants have allowed
people to live longer and more productive
lives.
Some technological changes have led to
a new field called bioethics. This deals with
moral choices in medical research. For
example, genetic engineering alters the
genetic information of cells to produce
new variations. Some scientists question
whether genetic engineering might acci-
dentally create new strains of deadly bac-
teria that could not be controlled. The
overuse of antibiotics has already created
“supergerms” that do not respond to anti-
biotic treatment. Stem-cell research (using
stem cells from human embryos to research
cures for such diseases as Alzheimer’s and
Parkinson’s) has caused much heated dis-
cussion. Also, human cloning and implant-
ing a fertile egg into a human surrogate
mother have generated intense debate in
many countries around the world.
Concern about the side effects of modern
medicines has also led to a dramatic growth
in the holistic health-care movement that
employs natural methods of healing such
as herbal remedies, massage therapy, and
acupuncture.
Weapons of Mass Destruction
The technological revolution has also led
to frightening methods of destruction, such
as nuclear, biological, and chemical weap-
ons. The end of the Cold War reduced the
risk of major nuclear conflict, but regional
nuclear conflicts are still possible. There
are also fears that terrorists will obtain and
use nuclear materials.
Anthrax-filled letters were used to kill U.S.
citizens in 2001. Since then, there has been an
increased awareness of the threat from bio-
logical and chemical weapons. Biowarfare,
the use of disease and poison against civilians
and soldiers in wartime, is not new. In Europe
in the 1300s, plague-infested corpses were
thrown over city walls during a siege to
1040
SECTION 1
Challenges of a New Century
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