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Nationalism Around
the World 1919 –1939
MAKING CONNECTIONS
How can nationalism affect
a country?
Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas sparked an era of change
with policies promoting land reforms and workers’ rights and limiting
foreign investment—all goals of the Mexican Revolution. Known as
the president who stood up to the United States, Cárdenas seized the
property of foreign oil companies in Mexico. In this chapter you will
learn how nationalist movements affected individual nations.
• How did nationalism influence the historical path of the
world’s nations?
• How does patriotism influence the behavior of Americans today?
1919
Comintern
formed by
Lenin
1921
Young Kikuyu Association
protests British
taxes in Africa
1927
Chiang Kai-shek
organizes the
Shanghai Massacre
T HE W ORLD
1920
1925
1930
1919
League of
Nations formed
1929
Great Depression begins
820
Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, Bettmann/CORBIS
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M o h a nd a s
G h a nd i
Drawing
Conclusions As you
read, use a Four-Door
Book to take notes
about the leaders of the
nationalist movements.
Draw conclusions about
what each leader sought to accomplish
and what each ultimately achieved.
1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt
announces the Good
Neighbor policy
1939
British limit number
of Jewish immigrants
to Palestine
Ha r ry
T h u ku
1935
1940
1939
World War II begins
Bettmann/CORBIS, Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works
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Nationalism in the Middle East
The Ottoman Empire ended shortly after World War I. While
the new Turkish Republic modernized, Persia evolved into the
modern state of Iran and the kingdom of Saudi Arabia was
established. In Palestine, tensions mounted as both Arabs and
Jews viewed the area as their homeland.
GUIDE TO READING
The BIG Idea
Self-Determination After World War I,
the quest for national self-determination led to the
creation of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. In the
same period, the Balfour Declaration supported the
creation of a national Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
Content Vocabulary
• genocide (p. 824)
• ethnic cleansing (p. 824)
The Ottoman Empire, which had been steadily declining since the
late 1700s, finally ended after World War I.
HISTORY & YOU Do you think it is possible for an empire to exist in the world
today? Read to learn about the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
Academic Vocabulary
• legislature (p. 822)
• element (p. 824)
The Ottoman Empire—which once had included parts of east-
ern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa—had been grow-
ing steadily weaker. The empire’s size had decreased dramatically
during the nineteenth century. Greece achieved its independence
during the course of the 1820s and 1830s, and the empire subse-
quently lost much more European territory. Ottoman rule also
ended in North Africa.
In 1876 Ottoman reformers seized control of the empire’s gov-
ernment and adopted a constitution that set up a legislature.
However, the sultan they placed on the throne, Abdülhamˉd II,
suspended the new constitution. Abdülham¯d paid a high price
for his authoritarian actions—he lived in constant fear of assassi-
nation. He kept a thousand loaded revolvers hidden throughout
his guarded estate and insisted that his pets taste his food before
he ate it.
The suspended constitution became a symbol of change to a
group of reformers named the Young Turks. This group forced the
restoration of the constitution in 1908 and deposed the sultan the
following year. However, the Young Turks lacked strong support
for their government. The stability of the empire was also chal-
lenged by many ethnic Turks who had begun to envision a Turk-
ish state that would encompass all people of Turkish nationality.
People and Places
• Abdülham¯d II (p. 822)
• T. E. Lawrence
(p. 822)
• Atatürk (p . 825)
• Tehran (p . 825)
• Reza Shah Pahlavi
(p. 825)
• Iran (p. 825)
• Ibn Sa‘ı ¯d (p. 827)
• Saudi Arabia (p . 827)
• Palestine ( p. 827)
Reading Strategy
Comparing and Contrasting As you
read, make a Venn diagram like the one below
comparing and contrasting the national policies of
Atatürk and Reza Shah Pahlavi.
Reza
Shah
Pahlavi
Atatürk
Impact of World War I
The final blow to the old empire came from World War I. After
the Ottoman government allied with Germany, the British sought
to undermine Ottoman rule in the Arabian Peninsula by support-
ing Arab nationalist activities there. The nationalists were aided
by the dashing British adventurer T. E. Lawrence, popularly
known as “Lawrence of Arabia.”
822
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MIDDLE EAST, 1919 –1935
0
400 kilometers
30°E
40°E
50°E
SOVIET
UNION
Black Sea
0
400 miles
Lambert Conformal Conic projection
˙ stanbul
(Constantinople)
Ankara
Anatolian
Peninsula
GREECE
ARMENIA
TURKEY
(Republic established 1923)
60°E
KURDISTAN
Cyprus
Tehran
Mediterranean
Sea
SYRIA
LEBANON
Beirut
Damascus
Baghdad
IRAN
(Known as
Persia until 1935)
PALESTINE
IRAQ
(British mandate
until 1932)
Jerusalem
Amman
Suez
Canal
TRANSJORDAN
Cairo
LIBYA
It.
KUWAIT
SAUDI ARABIA
(Kingdom established
1932)
EGYPT
(British protectorate
until 1922)
Persian Gulf
(Arabian Gulf)
Dhahran
Riyadh
Madinah
(Medina)
CANCER
Makkah
(Mecca)
1. Location Where were the oil producing
areas located?
2. Regions What happened to the Ottoman
Empire at the end of World War I? How might
this change have affected Arab nationalism?
Red Sea
Boundary of the Ottoman Empire, 1914
British mandate, colony, or influence
French mandate
Oil-producing areas
See StudentWorks™ Plus
In 1916 Arabia declared its independence
from Ottoman rule. British troops advanced
from Egypt and seized Palestine. After suf-
fering more than 300,000 deaths during the
war, the Ottoman Empire made peace with
the Allies in October 1918.
minority had been pressing the Ottoman
government for its independence for years.
In 1915 the government began killing
Armenian men and expelling women and
children from the empire.
Within 7 months, 600,000 Armenians
had been killed, and 500,000 had been
deported (sent out of the country). Of those
deported, 400,000 died while marching
through the deserts and swamps of Syria
and Mesopotamia. By September 1915, an
estimated 1 million Armenians were dead.
The Armenian Genocide
During the war the Ottoman Turks had
alienated the Allies with their policies
toward minority subjects, especially the
Armenians. The Christian Armenian
CHAPTER 25
Nationalism Around the World
823
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The Turkish Republic
At the end of World War I, the tottering
Ottoman Empire collapsed. Great Britain
and France made plans to divide Ottoman
territories in the Middle East. Only the area
of present-day Turkey remained under
Ottoman control. Then, Greece invaded
Turkey and seized the western parts of the
Anatolian Peninsula.
The invasion alarmed key elements in
Turkey, who were organized under the
leadership of the war hero Colonel Mus-
tafa Kemal. Kemal summoned a national
congress calling for the creation of an
elected government and a new Republic
of Turkey. His forces drove the Greeks
from the Anatolian Peninsula. In 1923 the
last of the Ottoman sultans fled the coun-
try, which was now declared to be the
Turkish Republic. The Ottoman Empire
had finally come to an end.
They were victims of genocide, the delib-
erate mass murder of a particular racial,
political, or cultural group. (A similar prac-
tice would be called ethnic cleansing in
the Bosnian War of 1993–1996.) One
eyewitness to the 1915 Armenian deporta-
tion said:
P RIMARY S OURCE
“[She] saw vultures hovering over children who
had fallen dead by the roadside. She saw beings
crawling along, maimed, starving and begging for
bread. . . . [S]he passed soldiers driving before them
. . . whole families, men, women and children,
shrieking, pleading, wailing . . . setting out for exile
into the desert from which there was no return.”
—as quoted in The First World War, by Martin
Gilbert
By 1918, another 400,000 Armenians had
been massacred. Russia, France, and Brit-
ain denounced the Turkish actions as being
“crimes against humanity and civiliza-
tion.” Because of the war, however, the
killings continued.
Reading Check Evaluating How did the
Ottoman Empire finally end?
The Armenian Genocide
As the Ottoman Empire eroded, ethnic tensions increased. When the
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) seized power in 1913, leaders
responded to Armenian calls for reform with force. Seeking a purely Turkish
state, they began a campaign of genocide. Beginning in 1915, Armenian
Christians were murdered, deported, and sent to concentration camps.
“The Ottoman Empire should be cleaned up of the Armenians and the
Lebanese. We have destroyed the former by the sword, we shall destroy
the latter through starvation.”
—Enver Pasha, leader of the Young Turks, May 19, 1916
Allied with the Central Powers in World War I, CUP leaders massacred
Armenians under the cover of war. Despite Allied warnings to end the
genocide, the killing continued until 1919. To this day, Turkey refuses to
acknowledge the Armenian genocide.
The Massacre of the Armenians appeared in Le Petit
Journal in France December 12, 1915. The lithograph
shows the April 24, 1915, murder of 300 Armenian
leaders, writers, and professionals as well as
thousands of impoverished Armenians.
1. Identifying What elements of the lithograph cre-
ate sympathy for the Armenians?
2. Making Inferences Why do you think Allied
forces failed to intervene directly in the genocide?
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