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Handbook
of
Chemical
Processing Equipment
Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D.
'&TTERWORTH
EINEMANN
Boston Oxford Auckland Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi
Copyright
0
2000 by Butterworth-Heinemann
-a
A member of the Reed Elsevier group
All rights reserved.
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@
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cheremisinoff, Nicholas
P.
Handbook of chemical processing equipment
/
Nicholas Cheremisinoff.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7506-7126-2 (alk. paper)
1. Chemical plants--Equipment and supplies. I. Title.
TP155.5 .C52 2000
660'.283--dc2 1
00-037955
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
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ABOUT
THE
AUTHOR
Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is a consultant
to
a
number of organizations and private
companies. Among his clients are the World Bank Organization, the International
Finance Corporation, the United States Agency for International Development,
Chemonics International, Booz-Allen
&
Hamilton, Inc., and several private sector
clients. He has extensive business development, project financing, and engineering
experience working in countries that were former Soviet Union republics, and has
assisted in privatization and retooling industry with emphasis on environmentally
sound practices. Although
a
chemical engineer by profession, his engineering and
consulting experiences have spanned several industry sectors, including auto-
motive manufacturing, mining, gas processing, plastics, and petroleum refining. He
is a recognized authority on pollution prevention practices, and has led programs
dealing with pollution prevention auditing, training in environmental management
practices, development of environmental management plans,
as
well
as
technology
and feasibility studies for environmental project financing through international
lending institutions. He has contributed extensively to the industrial press, having
authored, co-authored, or edited more than
100
technical books. Dr. Cheremisinoff
received his B.S.,
M.S.,
and Ph.D. degrees from Clarkson College of Technology.
ix
CONTENTS
Preface
vii
About the Author
ix
Chapter 1. Heat Exchange Equipment
Introduction, 1
General Concepts of Heat Transfer, 4
Air Cooled Heat Exchangers, 12
Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchangers, 24
Spiral-Plate Heat Exchangers, 36
Plate-and-Frame Exchangers, 4 I
Heat Exchanger Tube Rupture, 45
Condensers, 52
Steam-Driven Absorption Cooling, 60
Closure, 61
Nomenclature, 61
Suggested Readings, 62
1
Chapter
2.
Evaporative Cooling Equipment
Introduction, 65
Thermal Characteristics, 65
Design Configurations, 70
Components and Materials
of
Construction, 76
Use of Fans, Motors, and Drives, 80
Water Treatment Services, 86
Glossary of Terms, 89
Suggested Readings, 93
65
Chapter 3. Evaporating and Drying Equipment
Introduction, 94
Evaporators, 94
Drying Equipment, 124
Crystallization, 154
Suggested Readings, 161
94
Chapter 4. Distillation Equipment
Introduction, 162
Overview of Distillation, 163
General Properties of Hydrocarbons, 181
Refinery Operations, 202
Products from Petroleum, 222
162
iii
CONTENTS
iv
Spirits Production, 239
Closure and Recommended Web Sites, 241
244
Chapter 5. Mass Separation Equipment
Introduction, 244
Absorption Equipment, 245
Adsorption Equipment, 276
Solvent Extraction, 320
Reverse Osmosis, 326
Suggested Readings, 330
Chapter 6. Mechanical Separation Equipment
Introduction, 334
Filtration Equipment, 335
Sedimentation Equipment, 398
Centrifugal Separation Equipment, 4 16
Suggested Readings, 434
334
Chapter 7. Mixing Equipment
Introduction, 435
Mechanical Mixing Equipment, 436
Design Practices, 453
GasSolids Contacting, 476
Suggested Readings, 487
Recommended Web Sites, 488
435
Chapter
8.
Calculations for Select Operations
Introduction, 489
Heat Capacity Ratios for Real Gases, 489
Sizing of Vapor-Liquid Separators, 489
Overall Efficiency of a Combination Boiler, 490
Pump Horsepower Calculations, 490
Pump Efficiency Calculations, 49
1
Lime Kiln Precoat Filter Estimation, 491
Steam Savings in Multiple Effect Evaporators, 493
Temperature and Latent Heat Estimation for Saturated Steam, 494
Estimating Condensate for Flash Tanks, 494
Linear Velocity of Air Through Ducts, 496
Thermal Conductivities of Gases, 496
Determining Pseudocritical Properties, 500
Estimating Heat Exchanger Temperatures, 501
Estimating the Viscosity of Gases,
503
Estimate for Mechanical Desuperheaters, 506
Estimating Pump Head with Negative Suction Pressure, 507
Calculations for Back-Pressure Turbines, 508
Tubeside Fouling Rates in Heat Exchangers, 510
Calculations for Pipe Flows,
5
11
489
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