Osprey Campaign 224 - Mons Graupius AD 83.pdf - 201 - - mawizen

CAMPAIGN • 224

MONS GRAUPIUS

AD 83

Rome’s battle at the edge of the world

DUNCAN B CAMPBELL

ILLUSTRATED BY SEÁN Ó’BRÓGÁIN

Series editor Marcus Cowper

DEDICATION

To Janet and Ruairi, who cheerfully agreed to spend a perfectly good

summer’s day exploring the foothills of Bennachie with me, and kept

me supplied with wine during the writing of this book.

First published in Great Britain in 2010 by Osprey Publishing,

Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 0PH, UK

44-02 23rd St, Suite 219, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA

E-mail: info@ospreypublishing.com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is again a pleasure to acknowledge the kindness and generosity of friends

and colleagues who provided illustrations (or attempted to locate them)

for this little book: Tony Birley, for the Vindolanda tablets; Jim Bowers, for

his stirring photo montage; Julie Bronson, for never giving up the quest to

find the coin of 118 BC ; Stephen Bull, for the Lancaster cavalry tombstone;

Ross Cowan, for finding some excellent coins; Donald Fraser, for the

reconstructed Roman field oven; Fraser Hunter, for items in the care of the

National Museums of Scotland; Lásló Kocsis, for the Carnuntum diploma;

Jona Lendering, for assorted photos (as always); Alan Leslie, for his photos

of Roman military ditches; Mike McCarthy, for the Carlisle photographs;

David Mason, for the Chester inscriptions; Joyce Reynolds, for valiantly

attempting to track down Julius Karus’ lost tombstone; Alison Rutherford,

for trying so hard to locate the photo of the ‘Agricola’ writing tablet;

Manfred Schmidt, for CIL’s drawing of the Tacitus inscription; Tony Spence,

for his excellent reconstructions of Iron Age chariots; Adrian Wink, for

supplying some splendid images of his fellow re-enactors; and David

Woolliscroft for some wonderful aerial photographs.

Stan Wolfson kindly permitted me to read his unpublished manuscript,

The Battle of Mons Graupius: Some problems of text, tactics and topography

(1999), from which I have benefited greatly. Of course, readers should not

assume that he agrees with everything that I have written, although I am

happy to acknowledge that I have usually accepted his emendations to

Tacitus’ text (especially at 35.3, 36.3, 38.2 and 38.5).

study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright,

Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form

or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical,

photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission

of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978 1 84603 926 3

PDF e-book ISBN: 978 1 84603 927 0

Editorial by Ilios Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK (www.iliospublishing.com)

Page layout by: The Black Spot

Index by Mike Parkin

Typeset in Sabon and Myriad Pro

Maps by Bounford.com

3D bird’s-eye views by The Black Spot

Battlescene illustrations by Seán Ó’Brógáin

Originated by PDQ Media

Printed in China through Worldprint

A NOTE ON THE SOURCES

All ancient sources are referenced using the abbreviations listed on page

94. All translations are my own, although I have frequently benefited from

the suggestions in Ogilvie and Richmond’s commentary, and readers may

notice that some passages from the Agricola bear a remarkable

resemblance to the excellent version of A. R. Birley, which I was often

unable to better.

1011121314 10987654321

ask you that youuse it for personal, non-commercial purposes only. Please

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ARTIST’S NOTE

Readers may care to note that the original paintings from which the

colour plates in this book were prepared are available for private sale.

The Publishers retain all reproduction copyright whatsoever. All enquiries

should be addressed to:

THE WOODLAND TRUST

Osprey Publishing are supporting the Woodland Trust, the UK’s leading

woodland conservation charity, by funding the dedication of trees.

Seán Ó’Brógáin, Srath an Ghallaigh, An Clochan, Leifear, Tir Chonaill, Ireland

The Publishers regret that they can enter into no correspondence

upon this matter.

FOR A CATALOGUE OF ALL BOOKS PUBLISHED BY OSPREY MILITARY

AND AVIATION PLEASE CONTACT:

NORTH AMERICA

Osprey Direct, c/o Random House Distribution Center,

400 Hahn Road, Westminster, MD 21157

E-mail: uscustomerservice@ospreypublishing.com

Key to military symbols

ALL OTHER REGIONS

Osprey Direct, The Book Service Ltd, Distribution Centre,

Colchester Road, Frating Green, Colchester, Essex, CO7 7DW

E-mail: customerservice@ospreypublishing.com

Army Group

Army

Corps

Division

Brigade

Regiment

Battalion

Key to unit identification

Company/Battery

Infantry

Artillery

Cavalry

Unit

identifier

Parent

unit

Commander

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(+) with added elements

(–) less elements

CONTENTS

ORIGINS OF THE CAMPAIGN

The Claudian invasion: peoples subdued and kings captured

Nero’s governors: conquering nations, strengthening garrisons

Rome and the Brigantes

Vespasian’s new order: great generals and illustrious armies

CHRONOLOGY

OPPOSING FORCES

The Roman Army: pillagers of the world

The Caledonian forces: the noblest in all Britain

OPPOSING COMMANDERS AND PLANS

Agricola and the Romans

Calgacus and the Caledonians

THE CAMPAIGN

Agricola’s first season ( AD 77): sharing the danger

Agricola’s second season ( AD 78): estuaries and forests

Agricola’s third season ( AD 79): new peoples as far as the Tay

Agricola’s fourth season ( AD 80): setting a boundary

Agricola’s fifth season ( AD 81): crossing into trackless wastes

Agricola’s sixth season ( AD 82): a war by land and sea

Domitian’s Chattan war: a conflict of interests

The mutiny of the recruits: a bold and remarkable crime

Marching camps: like towns produced in a moment

Agricola’s line of march: passing forests, crossing estuaries

THE BATTLE

The long march

The Graupian Mountain

The general’s speech

Deploying for battle

The opening stage

The battle is joined

An outflanking attempt

Mopping up

AFTERMATH

Circumnavigation

Events at Rome

The historical truth

THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABBREVIATIONS

INDEX

Osprey Campaign 224 - Mons Graupius AD 83.pdf

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